Plastic Surgery Pros And Cons - 829 Words

Plastic surgery for weight loss can have its pros and its cons. Great results can come out of different types of procedures. But, bad things can also be a result such as complications of surgery. Plastic surgery is a growing industry because of high obesity rates and associated health risks, in spite of high costs, risks, complications and the struggle weight maintenance after the surgery. According to an article in The Canadian Press by Mike Stobbe, 40 percent of adults and 18.5 percent of children are obese, these rates have not increased much since 2015. However, the adult obesity rates have increased from a rate of 16.7 percent in the early 1980’s. Along with the increase in obesity rates health issues such as heart disease, stroke,†¦show more content†¦Abdominoplasty, also know as the tummy tuck is a skin removal surgery that consist of one operation. When people lose a tremendous amount of weight they have a lot of excess skin left over, this surgery helps them escape from the leftover skin. In this surgery, if needed, the surgeon will tighten muscles that were stretched out from previous weight gain. Julia Nathan had an Abdominoplasty after losing 110 pounds from having a gastric sleeve. This procedure removes great amount of your stomach, in Julia’s case it removed 80 percent. In Julia’s Abdominoplasty surgery she had 7 pounds of skin removed from her abdomen and breast, after she lost all of the weight her muscles were stretched out, so she got them tightened before the became an health issue. Julia had a hard recovery but is now very happy with her body and has a very healthy lifestyle thanks to these surgeries. The ramifications of plastic surgery sometimes dont result well because of the expenses that are due. Plastic surgery can cost thousands of dollars depending on the surgery and the surgeon. Insurance doesnt pay for plastic surgery, many people go in debt. Common surgeries such as Liposuction, Silhouette Shaping, and Smooth Shapes can cost a fortune. Liposuction is at the minimum $6000, and goes up with how much work is done. Silhouette Shaping has a range between $5000 and $12000 also depending on how much work is done and the doctor. SmoothShow MoreRelatedThe Pros and Cons of Plastic Surgery Essay723 Words   |  3 Pages This causes people to undergo plastic surgery. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, plastic surgery was first used in India as early as 800 B.C. Not only does it enhance self-image but also self concept. Reconstructive ways has also been done nearly more to children than adults. Plastic surgerys categorized as either cosmetic or reconstructive surgery depending on the situation and image you want to portray but they both have their pros and cons. Cosmetic surgerysRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Plastic Surgery Essay599 Words   |  3 Pagesget you just as far if your ugly as it will if you were pretty is an idealistic thought for an idealistic world, however the fact of the matter is that talent takes a backseat to beauty under most circumstances. With the economy rising, cosmetic surgery is becoming more widely available, before it was the rich and the famous who had the ability to surgically enhance their features. However as it becomes much more culturally acceptable, and readily available, there have been many more problems concerningRead MorePros And Cons Of Plastic Surgery Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesPlastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function of a body part. There are a lot of arguments concerning plastic surgery. Some people even argued that it should be banned. However, the fact that plastic surgery is still legally practiced globally points out that the advantages significantly outweigh the disadvantages. Plastic surgery should not be banned due to the following reasons. Firstly, plastic surgery is needed for medical purposes. SecondlyRead MoreInformative Speech : Plastic Surgery819 Words   |  4 PagesOUTLINE Topic: Plastic Surgery Specific purpose: Allowing people to know the pros and cons of plastic surgery. Thesis: The cosmetic, issues, and beauty. We need to understand every possible outcome while considering plastic surgery. Introduction I. Attention-getter: Modern plastic surgeons can alter almost any aspect of physical appearance, from facial features to body shape. II. Credibility statement: According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 14.6 million plastic surgery proceduresRead MoreEssay about The Good, Bad, and the Ugly of Plastic Surgery548 Words   |  3 PagesPlastic surgery is more popular than ever. According to the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS), 43,172 plastic surgery procedures in the UK were carried out in 2012. In general, individuals consider plastic surgery to improve physical features. However, before opting for something as drastic as plastic surgery, people should calculate the pros and cons of it to accurately assess the risks and benefits. Plastic surgery, when performed by an expert surgeon for the right reasonsRead MoreIs Plastic Surgery And Its Benefits?1251 Words   |  6 PagesGoing Under the Knife (people against plastic surgery and its benefits to society) Sir J. Stephen once said â€Å"Every man has in himself a continent of undiscovered character. Happy is he who acts as the Columbus to his own soul.† To me, this means finding your inner desires and acting upon them or else living a life of regret and remorse. One desire that everyone tries to achieve is to improve their appearance. Many do this by modifying their body, like getting bigger breasts, reducing the fat contentRead MorePlastic Surgery1719 Words   |  7 Pages1 Contents 1 Thesis statement 1 2 Introduction 1 3 Plastic Surgery 5 3.1 Methods 1 3.2 Reasons 3 3.3 Reputation of Plastic surgery 3 3.4 Pro ´s and Con ´s 4 3.5 Safeness 4 4 Discussion 7 2 Thesis statement â€Å"Plastic surgery does not always work† The following text deals with the plastic surgery. Whether plastic surgery always works is questionable. When people hear about plastic surgery, most of them tend to connect it with Hollywood. At the present time it is no longer surprisingRead MoreCosmetic Surgery: A Risky and Costly Procedure1355 Words   |  6 PagesIf one is considering cosmetic surgery I suggest reconsidering. Research shows cosmetic surgery can be a risky and costly procedure. Society is pressuring people to look more attractive. Media shows actors to be flawless and the public feels that one should be compared to these actors. Cosmetic surgery is becoming more popular is today’s culture. People are turning to cosmetic surgery for many reasons, some of them are not healthy. Why do people go to such dangerous measures to look more attractiveRead More Pros and Cons of Cosmetic Surgery Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesPros and Cons of Cosmetic Surgery Cosmetic Surgery is a great discovery that has been around for many centuries. â€Å"The history of plastic surgery origins in the early 800 B.C. when surgeons in India restored noses to persons who had them taken off as a form of punishment.† (History of Cosmetic Surgery, 2008) Many people have used over the years cosmetic and reconstructive surgery to enhance their physical appearance weather it be for health problems associated with birth defect or problems thatRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Plastic Surgery1836 Words   |  8 PagesNorfolk, Va.† (Goleman, 1991). I know many of you have heard of cosmetic surgery, also known as â€Å"plastic surgery†. Many people have considered cosmetic surgery in order to feel better about their self. This topic really interested me because I know there are many different viewpoints on it. What I wanted to focus on most is how the media portrays cosmetic surgery, how they portray women, the pros and cons of cosmetic surgery, the cost, and ways that we can get more people to be comfortable in their

A Psychometric Assessment of the Malay Version of Meyer and Allen’s Free Essays

Meyer and Allen’s (1991) model of organizational commitment conceptualizes it in terms of three distinct dimensions: affective, continuance, and normative. The purpose of this study was to examine its generalizability in Malaysia. Meyer and Allen’s esearch instrument was translated into Malaysian language and distributed to non-supervisory employees in 61 organizations in the government, semi- government and private sectors. We will write a custom essay sample on A Psychometric Assessment of the Malay Version of Meyer and Allen’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now Data from 672 respondents were analyzed using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The results generally support the cross-cultural generalizability of Meyer and Allen’s model and utility of their questionnaire. The results also support McGee and Ford’s (1987) proposal that continuance commitment may be better represented y two sub-dimensions: one associated with the costs of leaving and the other associated with the availability of alternatives. INTRODUCTION Culture plays a dominant role in organizational studies. The importance of cross-cultural study in management was recognized by many researchers. Gill (1983) emphasized that â€Å"understanding cross-cultural personality differences can help management and government to achieve more harmonious adjustment of expectations where managers are transferred from one country to another†.Triandis (1980) suggested that â€Å"for a complete science of behavior we need to tie the characteristics of the ecology with the characteristics of humans†. Moreover, Bass and Barrett (1976) asserted that â€Å"generalizations about management and supervision in the cross-cultural context are limited †¦ concepts and constructs tend to shift in meaning as we move from one culture to another †¦ cross-cultural investigations have considerable utility for industrial and organizational psychology†.Organizational commitment in recent years has become an important concept in organizational research and in the understanding of employees’ behaviour in the workplace. It reflects the extent to which employees identify with an organization and are committed to its goals. A meta-analysis of 68 studies and 35,282 individuals revealed a strong relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction (Tett and Meyer, 1993). However, another study showed that only 38 per cent of employees feel any long-term commitment to their organization (Today, 1995). Yet greater organiz How to cite A Psychometric Assessment of the Malay Version of Meyer and Allen’s, Papers

Methods of Statistics Social Media

Question: Discuss about the Methods of Statistics Social Media. Answer: Introduction Usage of social media had changed over the years. People of every age group are into social media to connect with their friends, families and other people (DeAndrea et al., 2012). Youths who pursue education are also into social networking sites now days. It is found that there is increase in number of these youths of Australia in social media (Akyol Garrison, 2014). In this assignment, the effect of the social media on the education of the youths of Australia would be explored. The methods of collection of data for the research will be depicted in this assignment. Statistical tests will be used for the analysis of the collected data. Interpretation of the analysis would give an idea about the effect of social media on the education of the youths of Australia. Problem statement The problem statement of the research is to find the effect of social media on the education of the youths of Australia in the recent years. Research aim The aim of the research is to find the effect of social media on the education of the youths of Australia in the recent years. Research objective The objective of the research is as follows: To find the usage of social media among the students of Australia To find the education status of the students of Australia To find the effect of social media on the education of the students of Australia Research questions The questions of the research are as follows: How is the usage of social media among the students of Australia? What is the education status of the students of Australia? What is the effect of social media on the education of the students of Australia? Literature review Social media had become an important part of daily life. People of every age group are into social media. From students to professionals, businessman to old peoples, everybody is tech-freak. They prefer the virtual world over the real world due to advancement of technology and decrease in time. The students of Australia are no exception to this. They are also involved in social media from a very early age. According to the viewpoint of Akyol Garrison (2014), it was seen that the most popular social media website for the Australians is FaceBook. Instagram, Linkden and other social media websites are ranked behind Facebook. As per the viewpoints of Sponcil Gitimu (2013), it was seen that 24% of the teens go online almost constantly as they have the facilities of smart phones and other facilities to access internet. It was also seen that 92% of the teenagers go online every day as they have the facilities to access the social media. They invest ample of time on social media for various purpose. Social media increases the rate and quality of collaboration for students. It increases the communication skills of the students, which helps them to develop a better career. As per the viewpoint of Junco (2012), it was seen that spending more time on social media helps them to get accustomed with technology and develop more familiarity with the computers and other technologies. This helps them to learn the technologies and computers efficiently. Students customise their profiles in social media and update their details regularly. According to the viewpoint of Dabbagh Kitsantas (2012), it was seen that the customising the profiles help the students to have a better idea about the basic aspects of designs. These basic aspects are not taught in their school and they are useful to develop their resume and personal websites. However, there are various negative impacts of the use of social media by the students. Students who use social media while studying are seen not to develop the proper concepts of their subjects. They lose their ability to concentrate due to the distractions caused by the social networking sites (Sponcil Gitimu, 2013). As per the viewpoint of Cheston et al. (2013), it was seen that excessive use of social media affects the spelling and grammar of the students and the students fail to write a effective writing without the grammar spell check option. However, sharing of pictures and writing articles on the social networking sites help the students to increase their writing capability and broaden their creative aspects. It helps the students to develop their artistic abilities, provide confidence and help them to decide their career path. However, this does not provide a clear picture of the effect of social media on the marks and education of the students of Australia as a whole. Methodology Data collection Primary data would be collected for this survey. Questionnaire would be framed that would provide data for the research. Quantitative data and demographic data would be collected for the survey. The questions would be close-ended questions and some of the questions would be on Likerts scale. Thirty samples would be selected randomly from the students of Australia. Data would be collected for the age of the respondents, time spent on social media every day, purpose of using social media, amount of time invested in studies, marks obtained in last examination and the level of influence of social media on their education. Data analysis The methods of frequency, descriptive statistics, correlation and regression and the measures of central tendency would be used to analyse the data. These methods of statistics would give an idea about the effect of social media on the education of the students of Australia. Conclusion The research proposal gives an idea about the method of data collection to understand the influence of social media on the education of the students of Australia. It also provided the methods of statistics required to analyse the collected data. The analysis of the data would give the idea of effects of social media on the marks obtained by the students of Australia in their examination. It would also provide an idea about the progress of the students of Australia in their education. Recommendation It is recommended that the students must be guided properly to use the social media. They must be informed about the affects of social media on their education. Both the positive and the negative effects must be informed to them and they must be guided properly to use social media efficiently. This would help to have an efficient education system in Australia in near future. References Akyol, Z., Garrison, D. R. (2014). The development of a community of inquiry over time in an online course: Understanding the progression and integration of social, cognitive and teaching presence. Cheston, C. C., Flickinger, T. E., Chisolm, M. S. (2013). Social media use in medical education: a systematic review.Academic Medicine,88(6), 893-901. Dabbagh, N., Kitsantas, A. (2012). Personal Learning Environments, social media, and self-regulated learning: A natural formula for connecting formal and informal learning.The Internet and higher education,15(1), 3-8. DeAndrea, D. C., Ellison, N. B., LaRose, R., Steinfield, C., Fiore, A. (2012). Serious social media: On the use of social media for improving students' adjustment to college.The Internet and higher education,15(1), 15-23. Junco, R. (2012). The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in Facebook activities, and student engagement.Computers Education,58(1), 162-171. Sponcil, M., Gitimu, P. (2013). Use of social media by college students: Relationship to communication and self-concept.Journal of Technology Research,4, 1.

Paul Loebs Soul of Citizen

In this book, Loeb has basically created a guide for aspiring community activists, organizers, and anybody willing to make a change. In the book, he has made an outline of what it takes to be an activist and how to remain one. Since Loeb himself is a political activist, through the book, he is trying to inspire and motivate the public to air their voices and to take action against the negative government policies. To achieve this, he has emphasized on the influence which the people are capable of.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Paul Loeb’s Soul of Citizen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through out the book, there seems to be five main points that keep cropping up every time. The first point is that; people have such a huge potential to enforce their wishes if they wanted to. This potential is usually unknown to the public and has the capabilities of not only making their lives better, but also everyone ’s. Secondly, he has reminded the people that they are not perfect and they will never be. This means that they should never undermine themselves and think that they are not good enough to do anything. Also, others usually wait for the best time to act and the truth of the matter is; there will never be a perfect time. Therefore, the best time to act is now. Thirdly, he urges the people not to despair if their actions do not yield results immediately. Loeb says that change happens slowly, and people have to learn to be patient and not loose hope. The fourth point is that; people should take pleasure in their quest for justice and equality. Loeb has reminded the citizens that, even though their specific goals might be unclear, they should relish every part of the ‘journey’. Finally, he has motivated the citizens by telling them that their efforts are bound to go a long way more than they can ever imagine. Every move they make never goes unnoticed. In the end, in o ne way or the other, their efforts will be rewarded and everybody will benefit. To attain closure, Loeb has narrated stories of various ordinary individuals who have come to learn his lessons. In one of the examples, he tells the story of a girl student in Virginia Tech who spent her election time drinking rather than voting. Afterwards, she became concerned with the global warming and started an environmental movement in her college. On another story, as a young man, Barack Obama was involved in a student movement that was against apartheid. It was during this movement that Obama started catching the eye of the public. Loeb goes on to narrate the stories of Joan Blades and an eighth grade drop out who designed an innovative job plan. The lesson carried in all those stories is; a mere citizen is capable of bringing great change.Advertising Looking for report on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perhaps his greatest m otivation came from the anti-war movement in the late 60s during the Vietnam War. During that time, there were several anti-war movements throughout the country operating independently. Almost every sort of person was attracted to this movement; from campus students, middle class society and even the people in federal institutions were no exceptions. Apparently, this movement revealed the extent of division in the American society. The Stanford campus was no exception either. After learning about the destruction of life and environment in Vietnam by the American military, Loeb decided to join the movement too. The department of Electrical Engineering in his campus was involved in research of bombs being used in Vietnam. Together with his friends, Loeb invaded that department with pictures of Vietnam’s destruction. This eventually led to his suspension together with his friends. The war later ended after several years of fighting. It is believed (a belief held by many) that th e movement played a major role in ending the war. This was a great motivation for Loeb to become a political activist. What Loeb is teaching in his book is true. Citizens of a country are capable of making any changes they want without the approval of the politicians. This has been well demonstrated by the recent movement in the Arab nations. The citizens of Tunisia and Egypt have managed to evict their presidents without following any written law. This movement was as a result of a horrific act committed by a Tunisian youth. It is true; a single person can make a difference. Loeb’s teachings have strong basis since every government has the capability of doing more to the people. If one lives in a free democratic country, it is his role to be involved in the affairs of the country. The public should never expect change to come by itself; they should take action if they desire to see any changes. Every registered citizen should vote for his candidate of choice; it is a democra tic right which should be taken seriously. Also, every citizen should belong to a political party of his choice and be updated on its activities. Apart from that, citizens should read newspapers, write to congressmen, volunteer in campaigns and be involved in political forums; especially on the internet.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Paul Loeb’s Soul of Citizen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the Soul of a Citizen, Loeb is trying to remind the public about their democratic rights and how to exploit them. He has no way become an extremist, but he is just among the right minded people. This report on Paul Loeb’s Soul of Citizen was written and submitted by user Jenna Albert to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gold Fish Lab Report Essay Example

Gold Fish Lab Report Essay Example Gold Fish Lab Report Paper Gold Fish Lab Report Paper Respiration can be experienced through several structures such as the lungs, tracheae, gills, and integument in order to obtain oxygen. All organisms that experience respiration are either endothermic or isotherms. Isotherms are animals that depend on their environment for body temperature. These animals respond to changes in their environment in order to maintain homeostasis, the stable, internal conditions of the organism. Animals that are warm-blooded and can regulate their body temperatures internally regardless of their environment are endothermic. For isotherms, regulating body temperatures can require more work. Those aquatic animals have adapted several techniques to stay alive. Larry Scrimshaw explains that animals, both aquatic and terrestrial, seek to avoid stressful thermal environments or to compensate for the temperature change by mostly lowering the metabolic rate (1979). Lowering the metabolic rate allows certain enzymes to be produced and chemical reactions to happen within the fish that actually warms it up. While lowering metabolic rates are important, respiration regulation is also important. Stephen C. Wood also believes that isotherms need behavioral mechanisms for temperature control. These mechanisms could include slowing breathing rates to conserve energy and releasing certain chemicals into the body (1991). This brings to light the question of goldfish being isotherms or endothermic, and how the fish cope with temperature changes. These questions were the basis of the experiment. The dependent variable for this experiment was the respiration rate of the goldfish, and the independent variable was the temperature of the water. : The null hypothesis is that the water temperature will not affect the aspiration rate of the goldfish; furthermore, the change in the water temperature will not stimulate a change in the goldfishs respiration. Likewise, the alternative hypothesis suggests that a change in water temperature will affect the respiration patterns of the goldfish, and therefore cause the goldfishs breathing rates to slow down or speed up. Materials and Methods To begin, two Mimi beakers filled with Mimi of aged water were used as containment vessels. Two goldfish were then each separately placed into an individual beaker. It was decided to refer to the beakers containing the goldfish s Beaker 1 and Beaker 2. The control fish was contained by Beaker 1, and Beaker 2 contained the fish that received the experimental testing. Two separate beakers were filled, one contained ice water, and the other contained aged water. Thermometers were then used to measure and record the water temperature of the control fishs water and the temperature- stressed fishs water. Then the group members practiced counting the number of breaths each goldfish made in one minute. Goldfish breaths can be identified by each time the fish opens and closes its mouth or by the contractions of its propeller. After the breaths were identified correctly and recorded for the first temperature, ice water was added to Beaker 2 (temperature- stressed fish) until the temperature of the water decreased by ICC. Simultaneously, aged water was added to Beaker 1 (control fish) to maintain equal water levels in both of the beakers. The new temperatures were recorded and the number of breaths per minute by both fish were counted and recorded. This process was repeated five more times. Throughout the entire experiment, the water temperature in Beaker 2 ranged from ICC in the beginning to ICC at the end. Once the experiment was concluded, aged water was slowly added to the temperature- stressed fish in order to raise the temperature of its water. This helped to return its environment back to normal conditions. Results The respiration rate for the control goldfish ranged from 123 to 140 breaths per minute, which was not a significant change. On average, the cold-water treatments caused a significant decrease in breaths per minute by the end of the experiment. The average the breathing rates of goldfish subjected to temperatures less than ICC decreased from a rate of 96 breaths per minute at he start of the experiment, to 56 breaths per minute at the end (Figure 1). The experimental fish in Group #1 ranged from 115 to 50 breaths per minute. Overall, the control fishs breath rates generally remained constant, and the temperature-stressed goldfish had rates that decreased rapidly from start to finish. Figure 1. The effect of decreasing water temperature on the breathing rates of goldfish. Discussion At the conclusion of the experiment, the two hypotheses were reviewed. Because the water temperature did affect the normal respiration patterns of the oldies, the null hypothesis was disregarded and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. From the results of this experiment, it was concluded that although other environmental factors could play a minute role in the respiration rates of aquatic isotherms, temperature was a major factor. From this experiment, biologists and scientists could conclude that freshwater fish, similar to the goldfish, become inactive during the winter months due to the drop in water temperature. However, the results of the experiment were concise, but several error could have occurred. For instance, all the fish were kept in the same aquarium before and after the experiment. This could have meant that some of the fish were diseased having their respiration rates already compromised. Also, the fish did not remain calm long enough to get an accurate measurement of its respiration rates. Clearly, a more accurate experiment could have taken place had there been several more groups participating in the experiment. To further clarify the hypothesis, the experiment could have been adapted to also measure the metabolic rate of the goldfish. The fish would need to be tested for their deadness to eat in different temperatures.

A Research Of the Events Leading Upto World War II By Tuchmans Guns Of August.

A Research Of the Events Leading Upto World War II By Tuchman's Gun's Of August. One of the deadliest wars in world history, World War I, lasted from July of 1914 until November of 1918. This was one of the first wars to be defined as a global war. This essentially means that all of the world ‘s superpowers were fighting and consequently the whole world was affected. The world’s powers all gathered together and were part of either two groups. The first group was the Allies, which consisted of France, the British Empire, and the Russian empire. The second group was the Central Powers, which consisted of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany. In The Guns of August, Barbara Tuchman examines the months leading up to the war and the first few months of it. Specifically, she focused her narrative on the military history aspect of World War I. Overall, Tuchman depicts an extraordinary prelude to World War I, such as the decisions of the superpowers involved and world events that affected the war. It has been described by the reviewer Samuel R. Williamson Jr. as â€Å"one of the finest works of history†¦[and of being a part of] the best sellers list for more than forty weeks†. Tuchman begins her book by illustrating her thought process behind her work and the methods that she used. She starts with an introduction that exemplifies the need for facts and connections in order to accurately depict World War I. In the Foreword, written by Robert Massie. In this foreword, Massie reflects on Tuchman’s writing process and how she describes her work. On page xi, Massie states that in regards to Tuchman’s work, she asked numerous questions and â€Å"[her] research was too find out†¦ what really happened.† In other words, Tuchman’s question would be ‘What really and factually happened in the prelude and first few months of World War I?’ On page xi, there is another question; Massie describes Tuchman’s efforts to get at â€Å"how it actually felt for the people present?† In other words, Tuchman’s question would be ‘how did World War I make the people involved feel like?’ In the author†™s note, Tuchman herself, once again reiterates this question and how she answered it throughout her book. In the authors note, Tuchman goes on to explain how she answered these questions. In seeking answers to these research questions, Tuchman gathered great amounts of information from various types of sources. On page xxiv, Tuchman states that the first question was answered based on evidence from documents she’s gathered and even that â€Å"all conditions of weather†¦in the following pages [of the novel] have documentary support†. Some examples of documents that she used to answer this question are primary sources of battle orders, telegrams, secret codes, maps, and weather reports. On page xxiv, Tuchman states, in regard to the second question, she had a â€Å"total immersion in military memoirs†¦[and] all†¦ thoughts or feelings, in states of mind public or private†¦ Have documentary support.† Similarly to the first question, this quest ion is also omnipresent throughout the novel. Therefore it is hard to pinpoint the documents used to answer this question down to one. Nevertheless some examples of primary sources she used to answer this question are letters, memoirs, dairies, and pictures. Nevertheless, Tuchman’s approach strays from the classic historiographical approach from here on out. Her study is more of a descriptive history than one of pure analysis. In one book review, Jeanne Lombardo states that Tuchman used â€Å"the historicist technique of combining documentary evidence with the powers of the imagination†¦ [which] she uses to paint a vivid, living picture of the events and individuals of August, 1914.† It is important for readers to understand that although Tuchman doesn’t come right out and say what her analysis is, it doesn’t mean it is nonexistent. Tuchman utilizes her documents in a way, which creates an eloquent story. Tuchman backs up this idea when she states that she believes â€Å"the very process of transforming a collection of personalities, dates, gun calibers, letters, and speeches into a narrative eventually forces the ‘why’ to the surface† (xii). It is also important to include the interpretation of Ulrich Trumpener. He states in his book review published in The Journal of Modern History that The Guns of August was a great narrative work, but â€Å"as a scholarly contribution to the history of World War I it is less than satisfactory†¦ [Tuchman’s] story is only partially based on the best available evidence†¦[and contains] oversimplifications.† Trumpener continues to discuss how The Guns of August increasingly left out information regarding certain countries’ contributions to the war. Nevertheless, Tuchman addressed this issue in her author’s note where she stated there was some omission regarding certain fronts throughout her book. In regard to these omissions, she states that they were â€Å"outside my chronological limits and it seemed to me there was unity without it is the prospect of tiresome length if they were included† (xxiv). Personally, I believe that her descriptions were all based on fact and the omission of certain aspects was essential. This is because it would have been detrimental to her interpretations and consequently her narrative descriptions. Overall, Tuchman’s sound research through both primary and secondary sources regarding World War I led to her study revolving around what she believed truly led to the war. She had numerous interpretations from her analysis of the documents. She specifically believed that there were roughly four reasons that this war started. The first reason she believes was due to a misconception regarding the free trade and the idea it would stop a war because people would want to avoid economic consequences. This idea can be idea can be shown on page 12, where Tuchman states: Lord Esher delivered lectures on the lesson of The Great Illusion at Cambridge and the Sorbonne wherein he showed how ‘new economic factors clearly prove the inanity of aggressive wars’. A 20th Century war will be on such a scale, he said, that it’s inevitable consequences of ‘commercial disaster, financial ruin and individual suffering’ would be ‘so pregnant with restraining in fluences’ as to make war unthinkable. In this quote, Tuchman illustrates the belief that the war was considered unthinkable due to the economic effects it would have. Tuchman uses a source that included the preaching’s’ by someone who was considered highly educated to prove this point. The Second reason Tuchman believed that the war happened the way that it did was due to ideologies regarding warfare. Tuchman thought there was too much of an emphasis of the countries involved on the idea of a quick war and staying on the offense. She demonstrated this idea on page 372, where she stated: Clausewitz [a German] had described terror has the proper method to shorten war, his whole theory of war being based on the necessity of making it short, sharp, and decisive. The civil population must not be exempted from wars the fax of estimate feel it’s pressure and be forced for the severest measures to compel their leaders to make peace. In this quote, Tuchman illustr ates her thought that the war happened the way it did because the leaders of the nations involved believed that the war was bound to be quick and short. This specific example revolves around the German peoples’ ideologies of a short war and the need to always attack. Tuchman used Clausewitz to prove the pressures of a short war and offensive attacks. The third reason Tuchman discussed revolved around the effects of the treaties. Tuchman emphasized how the treaties and alliances resulted in a type of domino effect, which resulted in more countries becoming involved with the war. Tuchman describes this idea on page 63: The government maintained the disingenuous position that the military â€Å"conversations† were, in Haldane’s words, ‘just a natural and informal outcome of our close friendship with France’. Natural outcome they might be; informal they were not†¦ the General Staff have ‘certainly committed us to fight, whether the cabinet likes it or not.’ In this quote, Tuchman explains her thought that the war happened the way it did because of how many intertwined alliances and treaties there were. This specific example revolves around the connection between the U.S and France and how their alliance essentially meant that if one of them went to war, they both had to. Lastly, another in terpretation she came across was the contradictions involved in the warfare, such as having technological advances but sticking to the traditions of wars in the past. She discusses this on page 457: Doumergue made a deep impression when he said, ‘it takes more courage to appear a coward and risk popular disfavor interest being killed.’†¦[This statement] provided a subject for further heated dispute. In this quote, Tuchman outlines a heated debate from this time. This debate was essentially one revolved around trying to overturn distiniguished ideals on the ethics of war. Previously, it was thought it was better to die in battle than to give up. Nevertheless, the use of that ideology in this war was detrimental to the militaries because of the invention of new weapons. Tuchman decided to write The Guns of August when a publisher, Cecil Scott of the Macmillan Company, invited her to write a history describing the events that took place during this war. In the preface, Tuchman described a concern she had about the idea that no one would be interested in such a topic or read this book. She stated, â€Å"In moments of depression during the course of writing, I had asked Mr. Scott [the publisher], ‘Who is going to read this?’ (xxi) The book was originally intended for an audience that had previous knowledge of World War I and wanted to see an interpretation of how it felt for those involved. Nevertheless, as a richly descriptive study with a blend of imagination and evidence, resulted in it becoming a widely read book across a variety of populations. The book turned out to be a great resource for those interested in studying the origins of World War I, but needed a captivating story to keep them entertained while learning. The feature that was often denounced by some, the writing style being a descriptive narrative with imaginative pieces based on fact, is what ultimately led to its widespread popularity. Tuchman’s writing style in this text matched the needs of the intended audience and this outreach included every day people. Making the compelling story based on the facts allowed people who would normally be bored by history to become captivated. An example of Tuchman’s ability to present fact with an interesting narrative can be shown on page 90: Meeting the censure of his comrades, Admiral Troubridge demanded a Court of Inquiry which order to his trial by court-martial in November, 1914, on the charge that ‘he did forbear to Chase H.I.G.M.’s ship Goeben, being an enemy then flying’. Tuchman is able to bring Admiral Troubridge to life. She captivates her readers through not only listing the facts but also using fantastic diction, such as the word â€Å"demanded†. Nevertheless, she is also able to give her readers the facts needed to understand the causes of World War I. In this instance, she was able to give a quote from a secondary source, an article on Troubridge. This use of captivation is done by one of the three types of historical writing, Narrative writing. This is because narrative writing is used when the author wants to chronologically tell an event; in this case it was the prelude to the war. Also this style is usually used when an author is telling a military history, which Tuchman is. The Guns of August is, ultimately, an insightful and rigorous work that describes the military history of World War I. Tuchman was able to coherently voice her interpretations on the reasons the war occurred through a descriptive narrative. Although, there are some differences in opinion revolving around Tuchman’s analysis, she does a great job utilizing her sources in a way to prove the economic and militaristic reasons behind the inevitable Global War. Works Cited Lombardo, Jeanne Belisle. The Guns of August by Barbara W. Tuchman. Center for Future Consciousness.http://www.centerforfutureconsciousness.com/pdf_files/2008_ Essays/A Review of The Guns of August by Barbara W.pdf. Sewanee Review. Project MUSE Fifty Years On: The Guns of August, Always Popular, Always Flawed. Accessed November 18, 2016. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/497154. Trumpener, Ulrich. The Journal of Modern History 35, no. 1 (1963): 94-95. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1899184. Tuchman, Barbara W. The Guns of August. New York: Ballantine, 2004. .

The Son Also Rises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Son Also Rises - Essay Example Paris, which had been his home previously, is no longer suitable for him. The city’s pace and vibrancy is something he cannot keep up with. The city also reminded him of his lover Brett, to whom he no longer can make love due to his physical impotency. Hence, he decides to go to the more laid back and picturesque town of Burguete. The slower pace of life here and the cordial nature of the town’s inhabitants enable him to start the process of recuperation. More importantly, this place enables Barnes to impose order on his life and make an independent living. He is able to live life on his own terms and also maintain dignity. But the story of Jake Barnes’ confrontation with his physical and emotional marring does not end there, for his discontent with the sedate and lonely existence in Burguete forces him to continue his search for inner peace. This peace proves elusive and not until the end of the story does Jake Barnes able to somehow reconcile with his reality. It is only when he moves to San Sebastian, does Barnes achieve some sort of stability and harmony, albeit with an element of resignation too. Hence, Jake Barnes typifies the Hemingway Hero in The Sun Also Rises. The other important character in the novel is that of the popular Bull fighter Pedro Romero, whom Jake admires very much. In fact, Jake takes comfort and pride from the successes of Romero. Hemingway is implying that Jake Barnes compensates for his inadequacies through the accomplishments of Pedro Romero. The qualities that define Jake Barnes also differ sharply from the attributes of a typical Hemingway Code Hero. As opposed to a Hemingway Hero, the Code Hero, though dealt harshly by the circumstances of life, does not submit himself to its constraints. To the contrary, he refuses to be defeated by life and remains tough and optimistic. Romero is also shown to display humility and dedication to his craft of Bull

Exploring current government policy on improving the nations health Essay

Exploring current government policy on improving the nations health through the change for life campaign - Essay Example There are six healthy behaviors that people are encouraged to adopt through this particular public health crusade. The first one is the 5 A day call, which gives suggestions on how to eat the recommended five portions of healthy vegetables and fruits every day (Change4Life, 2015). The second component is advice on reducing the amount of salt intake per day. The campaign also encourages sugar swaps by giving vital information on the sugar content of various foods as well as the available alternatives. The other aspects are cutting down on alcohol consumption, cutting back on fats and leading an active life. The message is spread through different avenues with the TV and online advertising being the major channels (Change4Life TV commercials, 2009). The integrated approach adapted in the campaign also allows for the use of radios, social media and the direct marketing channels. Dealing with obesity requires behavior change in terms of the kind of food one takes and the lifestyle that an individual leads (Department of Health, 2004). Britt, Hudson & Blampied (2004) point out that behavior is a product of both individual and collective action and plays a central role in the health of the public. This is the reason why lifestyle risks have for a long time been considered to be the leading cause of morbidity and deaths in various nations (Sweney, 2008). In order to deal with obesity, which is a lifestyle health condition, the policy was created based on the transtheoretical model. Kemm (2015) states that this model takes change of behavior to be an ongoing cycle rather than the final state. During the process of change, individuals may relapse in the initial stages though this does not mean that they have to start all over again. The model, therefore, describes the individuals in terms of the progress they make in series of behavior states and in relation to o ther dimensions (Michie & Johnston, 2012). Its use in the drive has been effective in

O great god-king Xerxes Essay Example for Free

O great god-king Xerxes Essay O great god-king Xerxes, I have heard that you are planning to launch a full-scale invasion of the Greek nations following on the steps of your father, Darius. I come here before you to attempt to dissuade you of your plans for Greece. As I am once a prominent citizen of one of the many city-states in the nation, it would do you well to listen to my advice as it contains extensive knowledge of what you are about to face if you push through with your plans. O King, barely ten years ago, your father Darius launched a similar invasion against the Greek city-states in retaliation to the Athenians’ aiding the Ionians in their revolt against his rule. Although it had been initially successful, the invasion was ultimately put to an end by his defeat during the Battle of Marathon. It could be worth noting that, despite the battle being a victory, it was a desperate attack by the Athenian army that caused the defeat of your father’s armed forces. Sparta, perhaps the state with the most powerful military in all of Greece, was absent from the battle and even then the Greeks scored a victory. Each city-state in Greece acts independently from each other. They are each governed by their respective rulers and are not influenced by the affairs of the other city-states. However, it is not impossible for each of them to call for aid to one another as evidenced by the Ionian call for aid during the previous war. Sartus was taken thanks to the aid provided by Athens, who had the major contribution in the allied army, and by Eretria. Sparta had chosen delay sending military aid as it had decided a full moon needed to pass before they do anything and were thus absent from the Battle of Marathon, where your father’s army was defeated utterly. Had Sparta’s forces been present, its superior military might compared to Athens would likely contribute to utter decimation of the Persian forces under your father’s command. However, even then, your father’s soldiers lost under the Greeks. If you attack now, O King, you risk provoking an even greater alliance that can now include Sparta, which is your most formidable enemy on the plains of Greece. The Spartans are a race that places utmost emphasis on military training and raising superior soldiers that have been tested in war. Furthermore, the Spartans will never participate and are not interested in any alliance that will not mean leadership to them. They can be a vain and arrogant nation but with the strength to back their vanity up. If you threaten the entire Greek country now, your Majesty, the major powers of the nation will definitely ally themselves with Sparta at the helm. With Spartan tactics and warriors at the vanguard, your army – no matter how great – will run into serious opposition which can result into an even greater demise than what has happened to your father’s forces in Marathon. As could be expected from any nation, the Greeks have devised battle tactics that are best suited to their terrain. They know their land; you can expect them to take advantage of that and lure your forces into a disadvantage in battle. With a possible alliance under Spartan leadership, the Greek can have a tactical and strategic advantage even if your army is greater in number. O Wise King, great wisdom it would be not to rely on the greater numbers of your armed host. The Greeks, especially the Spartans, will not be easily daunted. They have tactics that can be quite effective when employed in terrain which they know well. For example, your father Darius in Marathon faced a tactic called the phalanx. By definition, a Greek battle line deployed in a phalanx means there is equal strength in all sides of the battle formation. However, in Marathon, the Greek commander faced superior numbers but was able to modify the phalanx into an effective variant: he strengthened the wings of his battle formation while weakening the center. At first you would think that the Greeks were committing suicide and, indeed, the Greeks seemed to be at the point of desperation. However, stronger wings meant that the Greeks managed to hold off the wings of your father’s formations, holding them back and disabling them from reinforcing the center of King Darius’ battle lines. Thus, it was then that the Persian armies were surrounded and routed by the Greek army in Marathon. The results of the battle were horrific. Your father lost a sizable portion of his soldiers, sixty times more than what the Greeks lost in that same battle. A second Marathon is not the only thing that you should worry about in the conduct of battle in this planned invasion. A worse battle awaits your forces if you push through. In Greece, there is a place which we call the â€Å"Hot Gates† or Thermopylae. This place is a narrow pass bordered by a sheer cliff wall on one side, and the sea on the other side. This is a battleground ideal for the phalanx. In such a narrow pass, the phalanx will serve as a wedge that will drive through your attacking forces. The Greeks need only to strengthen their front lines with the rear guard merely pushing the front soldiers forward. In here, the superior numbers of your great army will definitely count for nothing. The Greeks, especially the Spartans and the Athenians, are aware of this pass; they will definitely use this to their advantage to hold off your army while a greater force amasses for retaliation. A Spartan-led phalanx could be as devastating as any phalanx, which had been proven by the Athenian tactics in Marathon. As you could see, Great King Xerxes, the sheer size of your army is both your strength and your liability. To support such a large host, you need a sizable navy to carry supplies back and forth. Your navy will be stretched thin supporting your great army; it will also have to endure against whatever naval counterattacks and offensives that the Greeks may launch against you. You could face a naval situation similar to Thermopylae in Salamis. It is a narrow channel, one which can reduce your navy into a bottleneck and reduce their effectiveness. The Greeks can pick your ships off one by one even if they may be smaller in size. Consider my wisdom in this matter, King Xerxes. I daresay that, even if you hold the greater number of forces, you would find it hard to manage them effectively at smaller levels. The Greeks, my former countrymen, are geniuses both in scholarship and in battle; your father Darius learnt that the hard way in the fields of Marathon under the Athenians alone. With a possible pan-Greek alliance – with the mighty Spartans leading – your forces face yet another humiliating defeat similar to Marathon, only this time you will be facing the combined might of all the city-states of Greece. Abandon this plan now, before this results to destruction of your mighty host. Sources: Wheeler, Kevin. (2001). â€Å"Ancient Greek Battles of Marathon, Thermopylae, Artemisium and Salamis. † Retrieved November 30, 2008, from Ancient World Battles website: http://www. geocities. com/caesarkevin/battles/Greekbattles1. html Lendering, Jona. (2005). â€Å"Phalanx and Hoplites. † Retrieved November 30, 2008 from Livius. org website: http://www. livius. org/pha-phd/phalanx/phalanx. html Lopez, Vincent. (2008) â€Å"Shock Tactics on the Ancient Battlefield. † Retrieved November 30, 2008 from Armchair General website: http://www. armchairgeneral. com/shock-tactics-on-the-ancient-battlefield. htm/5 Stewart, Michael. People, Places Things: Xerxes I, Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to the Fall of the Last Tyrant. Retrieved November 30, 2008 from Messagenet website: http://messagenet. com/myths/ppt/Xerxes_I_1. html Freedom44. (2004). â€Å"The First Persian War Greek Wars. † Retrieved from Free Republic website: http://freerepublic. com/focus/f-news/1196577/posts

Marvin Gaye Author Of Soul Music :: essays research papers fc

Marvin Gaye; Author of Love Music Bibliography Bayles, Martha. Hole In Our Soul. New York: The Free Press, 1994 Coleman, Nick. â€Å"Lost Soul.† New Statesman 4 Sept. 1998: 127. EBSCO Host. Centennial High School Lib., Franklin, TN. 14 Feb. 2001 <http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html>. Editor’s of Time-Life Books. Turbulent Years: The 60s. Our American Century. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1998. â€Å"Gaye, Marvin (Pentz Jr.).† Biography.com: 4. Online. World Wide Web. 12 Feb. 2001. Available http//www.biography.com. Gracyk, Theodore. An Aesthetics Of Rock. Duke University: Duke University Press Durham and London 1996 Haa, Erikka. Soul. New York: Friedman\Fairfax, 1994. â€Å"Marvin Gaye (1939-1984).† Discovering Biography. Windows Version. CD-ROM. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Outline I. Intro II. Music A. Sex B. Feelings C. Life III. Life A. Early Life B. Addictions C. Death IV. Conclusion Harrington 1 Kci & Jojo, R. Kelly, and Blackstreet are all musicians who have modernized the music of Soul; the music invented by Marvin Gaye. Marvin Gaye used his feelings of himself, surroundings, and life to write his one-of-a-kind music. Soul music, often referred to as "love man music", was not about drugs or winning a championship it was about sex, romance, and passion, Marvin Gaye was about it all and more. Marvin Gaye, the Prince of Motown, revolutionized his music into one of America's most controversial musical forms, "love man music", which would later become Soul Music. Marvin Gaye's music became so popular with the public because it was so risquà ©; the music was about sex. Gaye adored the respect and attention he received from his fans. Songs like "Lets get it on" and "Sexual Healing" became so popular because they were so deeply involved in lovemaking. A loyal fan on Gaye, David Ritz, explains the love expressed in Gaye's music: [Gaye] loved fully orchestrated, wildly romantic music... By now he had mastered multi-track vocalizing, the art of playing with his voices. The use of moaning women in the background sounded childish, but sexual noise was an integral part of the little boy fantasy which lay at the heart of what seems to me a work of rare beauty. (Bayles 271) His music was new, something people have experienced, but were ready for it and excited to hear it. "Love music" also appeared so sudden because the people were tired of the Rock and Roll scene that swarmed America. An unknown fan of the love Harrington 2 music that was coming about, explains why it took the place of Rock at the top of the charts. "The assumption was that every woman in her right mind would prefer the love men's smooth talking satin-sheets-on-the-waterbed approach to the ear blistering screeching of white boys with road kill hair (Bayles 271).

Role of A Computer Programmer

Computer programmers write, test, and maintain the detailed instructions, called programs, that computers must follow to perform their functions. They also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by computer. Many technical innovations in programming-advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools-have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today. Job titles and descriptions may vary, depending on the organization. Computer programs tell the computer what to do, which information to identify and access, how to process it, and what equipment to use. Programs vary widely depending upon the type of information to be accessed or generated. For example, the instructions involved in updating financial records are very different from those required to duplicate conditions on board an aircraft for pilots training in a flight simulator. Although simple programs can be written in a few hours, programs that use complex mathematical formulas, whose solutions can only be approximated, or that draw data from many existing systems may require more than a year of work. In most cases, several programmers work together as a team under a senior programmer's supervision. Programmers write programs according to the specifications determined primarily by computer software engineers and systems analysts. After the design process is complete, it is the job of the programmer to convert that design into a logical series of instructions that the computer can follow. The programmer then codes these instructions in a conventional programming language, such as COBOL; an artificial intelligence language, such as Prolog; or one of the most advanced object-oriented languages such as Java, C++, or Smalltalk. Different programming languages are used depending on the purpose of the program. COBOL, for example, is commonly used for business applications, whereas Fortran (short for â€Å"formula translation†) is used in science and engineering. C++ is widely used for both scientific and business applications. Many programmers at the enterprise level are also expected to know platform-specific languages used in database programming. Programmers generally know more than one programming language and, because many languages are similar, they often can learn new languages relatively easily. In practice, programmers often are referred to by the language they know, as are Java programmers, or the type of function they perform or environment in which they work, which is the case for database programmers, mainframe programmers, or Web programmers. Programmers often are grouped into two broad types, applications programmers and systems programmers. Applications programmers write programs to handle a specific job, such as a program to track inventory within an organization. They may also revise existing packaged software or customize generic applications called middleware. Systems programmers, on the other hand, write programs to maintain and control computer systems software, such as operating systems, networked systems, and database systems. These workers make changes in the sets of instructions that determine how the network, workstations, and central processing unit of the system handle the various jobs they have been given, and how they communicate with peripheral equipment such as terminals, printers, and disk drives. Because of their knowledge of the entire computer system, systems programmers often help applications programmers to determine the source of problems that may occur with their programs. Most systems programmers hold a 4-year degree in computer science. Extensive knowledge of a variety of operating systems is essential for such workers. This includes being able to configure an operating system to work with different types of hardware and having the skills needed to adapt the operating system to best meet the needs of a particular organization. Systems programmers also must be able to work with database systems, such as DB2, Oracle, or Sybase. Programmers in software development companies may work directly with experts from various fields to create software, either programs designed for specific clients or packaged software for general use, ranging from games and educational software to programs for desktop publishing and financial planning. Much of this type of programming takes place in the preparation of packaged software, which constitutes one of the most rapidly growing segments of the computer services industry. In some organizations, particularly small ones, workers commonly known as programmer-analysts are responsible for both the systems analysis and the actual programming work. Advanced programming languages and new object-oriented programming capabilities are increasing the efficiency and productivity of both programmers and users. The transition from a mainframe environment to one that is based primarily on personal computers (PCs) has blurred the once rigid distinction between the programmer and the user. Increasingly, adept end-users are taking over many of the tasks previously performed by programmers. For example, the growing use of packaged software, such as spreadsheet and database management software packages, allows users to write simple programs to access data and perform calculations. Required skills vary from job to job, but the demand for various skills generally is driven by changes in technology. Employers using computers for scientific or engineering applications usually prefer college graduates who have degrees in computer or information science, mathematics, engineering, or the physical sciences. Graduate degrees in related fields are required for some jobs. Employers who use computers for business applications prefer to hire people who have had college courses in management information systems (MIS) and business and who possess strong programming skills. Although knowledge of traditional languages still is important, employers are placing increasing emphasis on newer, object-oriented programming languages and tools, such as C++ and Java. Additionally, employers are seeking persons familiar with fourth- and fifth-generation languages that involve graphic user interface (GUI) and systems programming. Employers also prefer applicants who have general business skills and experience related to the operations of the firm.

People’ Attitude Towards Work Essay

People’s attitude to work varies a lot i.e. in relation to the individuals’ personal experience and their overall perception of others (employers, colleagues) and how they are actually perceived by other people. As emphasized by various key theorists (e.g. Frederick Taylor, Maslow, Douglas McGregor etc.) discussed in Behaviour At Work element 11.1, we (people) make assumption about other people based on our own experience in that, it is a way of making sense of relating to others. We each set ourselves certain standards and expect other people to adhere to them, even though they may not share our views and have different standards for themselves. Motivation is both individual and complex and there is a difference between what motivates people to perform above average and what leads to below average performance. Douglas McGregor emphasized that managers make either theory X or Y assumptions about the way others behave. Theory X assumption includes; * an average human being inherently dislikes work and will avoid it if possible hence, these types of people must be coerced, controlled, directed or even threatened with punishment to get them to put in adequate effort at work. * an average person prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition and wants security above any other thing. Theory Y assumptions on the other hand stresses that; * people do not inherently dislike work and that the conditions of work reflects peoples satisfaction * people will generally exercise self direction and self control in pursuit of the objective to which they are committed * people mostly learn under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek responsibility * people are not being used by organisations to their full potential * in order to obtain commitment from employees rewards should fulfill an individuals self actualization needs Choosing either Theory X or Y has an overall effect on people, be it positive or negative i.e. there will be a tendency within an organisation for people to respond to the way they are managed thus, if employees feel that they are not being trusted, this may result in them behaving in a less trustworthy way. PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS WORK (CONT.) Conclusion: Due to the fact that there is a range of reasons why people behave differently in work situations, hence, it is unrealistic to make generalized assumption about individuals attitude to work i.e. reasons for performing better or worse than average. Behaviour of each group is most likely to be unpredictable e.g. in the case of our Young business enterprise, GNVQ group A unlike group B spent a lot of time meeting despite the fact that there was conflict between individuals, thus we all had to put personal problems aside in order to achieve the same common goal which alternatively reflects on the successful trading carried out via high level of cooperation. Peoples attitude in a particular organisation can be measured by implementing techniques such as; * Preparation of questionnaires which is distributed to a certain number of selected individuals in a particular organisation. (Ref. example of questionnaire which may be used by organisations – appendix 1) * Face-to-face interviews – this refers to actually forming a one to one communication strategy which deals specifically with obtaining necessary information on employees general attitude towards their work and what motivates them to work harder and effectively. Face-to-face interviews are mainly used to obtain a direct response from the people affected by each policy thus, generating a more realistic subjective view of the employees involved as opposed to making an assumption. Some of the questions which can be included while carrying out an interview are as follows; (1) Can you describe any job you have held where you were faced with problems and pressures which tested your ability to cope? (2) Can you give me an example of a time when you had to conform to a policy with which you did not agree? (3) What stimulates you in your work and how does this motivate you? (4) Would you be willing to work in a position where you are expected to make decisions and how will you conduct yourself? (5) How do you feel about the way you are managed by your superior and what will contribute to you working even better? * Surveys – surveys takes different forms depending on the level of workers which are being examined. It can also be seen as a combination of the methods mentioned above i.e. in generating more response so as to obtain an overall result i.e. a more factual information regarding employees, which can obviously be relied on. (Ref. Example of a personnel performance indicator which can be used in highlighting peoples attitude to work – appendix 2) (Appendix 1) Questionnaire (1) Would you consider yourself satisfied with the level of responsibility your job involves? Yes[] No[] (2) What motivates you to work? Money[] Promotion[] Job security[] Other †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (3) How would you describe you working condition? V. good[] Good[] Average[] Below average[] (4) Do you like working as a group[] ; individually[] ; or both [] (5) Would you like to be included in decision making or quality circle? Yes[] No[] Don’t know[] (6) What do you enjoy most in doing your job? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (7) Have you had any complaint in relation to your level of participation in your job? Yes[] No[] If yes, how do you view this †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (8) How well do you deal with criticism? V. well[] Average [] Below average[] (9) Does criticism affect your overall performance? Yes[] No[] (10) Would you consider yourself Highly motivated[] Easily motivated[] Not easily motivated[] Don’t know[] FACTORS AFFECTING MOTIVATION People’s level of motivation is affected by certain issues, which may lead to an extensive breakdown in communication within an organisation due to lack of cooperation between employees and employees or employees and employers. These factors includes; * Hierarchy of needs – this inter relates to Maslow’s theory of human behaviour i.e. that individuals have five level of needs which they sought to satisfy. The human needs as established by Maslow states that the lowest of our needs include the basic physiological need for food, drink and shelter, once it is satisfied, individuals then needs to protect himself/herself against danger, threat and deprivation thereafter the levels of needs rise through social needs, need for self esteem and status to the need for self actualization. This affects motivation on an individual basis i.e. an individual may focus on each step before actually moving towards self actualization thus, if he/she is not completely satisfy on any of the stages the person tends to struggle a lot in working to his/her best ability – this may not be the case for lots of other people. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self actualization (the need to do the work we like) Esteem (the need to feel worthy and respected) Social needs (the need to be liked/loved and to be a member of a given group) Security (the need to feel safe and secure) Survival (the need to stay alive, to eat, to drink, sleep and reproduce) FACTORS AFFECTING MOTIVATION (CONT.) * Job Satisfaction – this affects the way in which people feel about their work in terms of achievement or recognition from others, the work involved, level of responsibility, opportunities for advancement, company policy and administration, supervisions, salary, interpersonal relations and working conditions. In the case where these are not dealt with in a constructive manner, it may give rise to a high level of dissatisfaction at work which may in turn lead to persistent lateness or absenteeism, below average performance and real or imagined illness on the part of workers i.e. due to a downfall in level of motivation. * Challenge – if the work involved is not challenging enough for certain employees, it may lead to low staff morale that is, workers may not feel the need to give the job their absolute best. On the other hand, if the job is too broad compared to a relatively low number of employees, it may also have the same negative effect in motivating the workers. * Motivators such as: reward, training, promotion etc. If these motivators lacks in an organisation, workers tend to feel that their needs are not being catered for, hence, developing a negative attitude towards employers which alternatively affect the level of work which is put into the organisation i.e. workers in this situation will only work because they feel the need to work not because they want to work. However, in order to get employees fully involved, various kinds of motivators e.g. shared ownership, cash bonuses etc. should be introduced to commend hard working employees thus, serving as a source of motivation in that people actually perform better when they are willing to work so as to meet a certain target rather than employers forcing work on them because they have to. * Career Development – this proves vital in maintaining or improving the level of staff motivation in that, people like to think that their hard work will pay off well as opposed to go unrecognized thus, if there is an opportunity for career development, workers tend to perform well so as to develop their individual skills and at the same time climb up the management ladder. In a situation where it is the opposite, it may lead to a wide spread low morale amongst employees. * Level of Expectancy – this may have an overall effect on an individual’s attitude towards work i.e. in relation to the expectancy theory developed by Victor Vroom, for example, an individual may respond in a positive way to a high level of expectancy from employers while another employee of the same calibre breakdown under pressure thus, it all boils down to an individual’s desire for something in relation to the person’s estimation of how likely it can be achieved. MOTIVATORS APPROPRIATE FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE As established by Frederick Taylor (1947) â€Å"what the workforce want from their employers beyond anything else is high wages and what employers want from their workforce most of all is low labour costs† – the existence or absence of these two elements forms the basis for either a good or bad management. The major factors which makes people feel satisfied with their job and motivates individuals to work effectively includes; high level of achievement, recognition, opportunities for advancement and responsibility as well as the actual content of the work which is being carried out. On the other hand, factors which affects employees adversely and which lead to high level of dissatisfaction with their individual tasks include negative company policy, low level of salary and benefits, interpersonal relations and the overall working conditions (as described earlier). The following motivators are required so as to encourage individuals to work harder thus, enhancing the workers individual performance; * Autonomy – this refers to the amount of freedom and discretion an individual can exercise over a certain job, this gives the worker a higher level of responsibility providing that the person wants and can cope with the responsibility. This will boost an individual’s self-reliance thus, being able to meet target more effectively. Although some people prefer jobs with low level of responsibility, this is often common when people have a highly complex and demanding life outside work. However they are not likely to be high achievers. * Praise – workers generally feel the need to be praised for hard work hence, serving as a motivator in encouraging the particular worker to keep doing a specific task to his/her best ability. Praise actually has an overall effect on the quality and quantity of goods and services produced, so therefore it is vital for employers to recognize and commend a high quality work. MOTIVATORS APPROPRIATE FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE (CONT.) Delegating – this motivates people to work harder in that, it also involves giving workers more responsibility for the tasks they carry out. Delegating is used in a situation where by the particular job holds certain responsibilities, but additional responsibility is giving through delegation, this may help in providing more time for more important tasks, thus, helping in increasing an individuals’ job satisfaction. Reluctant or poor delegation can be worse than no delegation at all, hence, this is why most employers tend to delegate trustworthy employees to carry out certain tasks. Delegation also helps in meeting target, improving cooperation between staff and employer, and improving the quality and quantity of work carried out. * Shared Ownership – shared ownership schemes proves to be very successful in motivating workers in that, employees handle tasks more efficiently due to the fact that they also have a stake in the company hence, people tend to work very well if there is some kind of benefit to derive from their hard work on the long run. The introduction of shared ownership enhances general individual performance i.e. people tend to be self reliance thus, meeting targets, encouraging and maintaining good relationship with co-workers and employers which in turn helps in developing and delivering good quality of work (high standard) as well as improving the quantity of work achieved. * Quality Circle – the implementation of quality circle serves as a motivator because it makes employees feel more involved in all the aspects of product development. Quality circle is usually set up to tackle a particular project where quality improvement is necessary therefore, making it easy to recognize each team’s ability and alternatively rewarding individual teams for the level of work they put in improving the quality and the amount of goods actually produced. EFFECTS OF MOTIVATORS ON INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE In an event whereby employees’ needs are catered for promptly and effectively, organisations can benefit a great deal. For instance, in order for quality circles to be successful, quality improvement programmes needs full commitment from employees. The motivators discussed earlier helps in; * enhancing employees commitment to a particular organisation thus, being more reliable in performing tasks individually as well as part of a team. * boost loyalty – the level of employees loyalty will be improved if they are being treated with respect they deserve e.g. if employees are offered shared ownership of an organisation as a reward for hard work, the employee will be willing to stay loyal for a long period in that, the employee will be obliged to support the particular organisations’ internal and external activities i.e. outside and within the organisation. On the whole, these motivators helps in providing opportunities for increased skills, flexible working and individual development. Motivators also provide social companionship and a sense of pride in the overall working relationship in regards to achievements derived from motivating workers in the correct manner. Further Analysis: GAINING EMPLOYEE COOPERATION THROUGH MOTIVATION It is essential that the reward strategy adopted by employers fulfills employees needs i.e. if motivation to work is to be maintained or increased, it is necessary that an individual is convinced that by putting in extra effort at work, his/her performance will be improved and that the reward he/she values will be forthcoming. In order to gain employee cooperation, employers’ focus on motivating employees in various ways depending on the organisation involved, some of the methods used in achieving this are as follows; * Job Security – by providing a secure job opportunity, workers will have the opportunity for career progression, therefore, they will feel motivated to work hard so as to get on. A major example of this relates to the Japanese economy that is, because employers often offer a job for life to potential individuals thus, they tend to expect a high degree of loyalty from their workers as well as commitment to work to the very best of their ability. * Merit Rating – this refers to recognizing an individuals’ performance and selecting personal qualities which an organisation believes to be important and assessing these qualities hence, giving the organisation an overall idea on how to reward individual performance effectively. (Ref. Merit rating form – appendix 3) * Appraisal – this is also used to pin point performance, appraisal is needed for assessing the performance of an individual in discharging specific responsibilities and/or the potential performance of the individual in other roles. Appraisal often involves assessing both job performance and personality characteristics relevant to the particular job. Performance appraisal is an extension and development of merit rating, it may or may not be used as a basis for increase in salary (performance related pay). GAINING EMPLOYEE COOPERATION THROUGH MOTIVATION (CONT.) An example of appraisal of an employee may take the form below; Job Knowledge and Technical Ability Comments Exceptional Good Satisfactory Marginal Inadequate Energy and Application Comments Exceptional Good Satisfactory Marginal Inadequate Organizing Ability Comments Exceptional Good Satisfactory Marginal Inadequate Overall Assessment 1. Reserved for employees whose distinguished performance is clearly obvious to all. 2. Seasoned employees whose performance is noticeable better than satisfactory. 3. Satisfactory 4. Performance close to being satisfactory but needs further development. 5. Performance clearly below the accountability level required for a certain task or set of tasks (this may include newcomers). 6. Totally unsatisfactory (Ref. Performance Appraisal by: T.L . Whisler and S.F . Harper, research and practice by: Holt, Rinehart and Winston) GAINING EMPLOYEE COOPERATION THROUGH MOTIVATION (CONT.) * Incentive Schemes – this may be used to gain cooperation due to the fact that it is a valuable motivator. Incentive schemes means the payment to employees of a regular bonus related to productivity, this is designed to encourage employees to cooperate with management in raising productivity and the overall performance of the organisation. This emphasizes the relationship between performance and payment, in that money remains a major motivator in enhancing growth in the level of work performed. * Management By Objectives – this focuses on increasing workers performance by agreeing individual objectives with managers and measuring progress by the degree of attainment of the objectives i.e. management by objectives involves setting specific organizational objectives for a future time period. This is a mutual setting of objectives between each position holder and his/her supervisor and the use of the objectives as standards for evaluating the employee’s performance. MBOs are used in gaining cooperation in regards to employee and employer relationship that is, employees will respond a lot better to discussions rather than orders/commands. POTENTIAL BENEFITS REGARDING GOOD COOPERATION As established by Frank Herzberg (1968), increased job satisfaction will not always result in increased performance but nevertheless increasing the level of job satisfaction within an organisation has lots of advantages i.e. in relation to the organisation, the managers and each individual employee. Potential benefits Potential benefits to employees to management * more interesting work Through better Through increased * scope for development working methods motivation * more autonomy * companionship and team pride * share in any benefits to employers * better quality * reduced absence * lower turnover * more flexibility * higher productivity Potential organizational benefits * high level of commitment to the organisation * improved industrial relations climate * organisation growth This table lays emphasis on – improving job design and work organisation to meet individual needs. (Ref. The effective manager, book 4, open university, 1990) POTENTIAL BENEFITS REGARDING GOOD COOPERATION (CONT.) Benefits which are derived from successful communication between employers and employees includes; Organizational Benefits: * In a situation whereby employees are satisfied with the work they perform as well as their working environment, employees tend to identify more closely with the actual organisation. * Employees who are committed to the organisation are likely to work harder towards organizational goals, seize opportunities, contribute new ideas and act as good public relations officers for their employer. * Effective communication within an organisation will also give rise to less chance of industrial disputes in that, employees will have little or no dissatisfaction and the organisation as a whole can therefore expect to survive competition and prosper. Management Benefits: * If workers are highly motivated, managers will be able to expect better quality performance. * The symptoms of dissatisfaction i.e. absenteeism and illness will be minimal or not present hence, the management will be able to discover that staff are willing and able to perform a range of tasks if their individual skills and abilities are fully developed. On the long run, this benefit will lead to improved productivity and better quality service. Individual Benefits: * If a person with certain skills and abilities finds his/her job suited to the qualities he/she possess, the work the individual participate in, will become more interesting and therefore less likely to produce stress or dissatisfaction. * A job which involves various source of motivation i.e. providing an individual with a scope for development, this will be encouraging to the individual, hence, the particular person will then be able to focus on opportunities for improvement and advancement. On the whole, the level of advantages of job satisfaction outweighs its disadvantages hence, in a situation whereby everybody works hand in hand with a view of a common interest i.e. putting aside personal differences, the organisation tend to survive on the long run – the young business enterprise group A is a perfect example to qualify this statement. CONCLUSION: Motivation in Regards to Group Development In order for people to get along well enough as a group so as to be able to benefit the business as a whole, motivators such as praise, autonomy, giving ideas, feedback and so on was implemented in that, for us to achieve each group development stage effectively before moving to the next important stage, it is vital for each group member to deal with the tasks given to the best of his/her ability. * Praise – this was used indirectly at regular intervals, so as to show an appreciation for a good level of effort put in by each group member. * Autonomy – enough opportunity was given to each group member to work on certain tasks as an individual thus, giving the person overall responsibility without too much questioning. * Giving Ideas – each group member was involved in the initial brainstorm for the product ideas as well as designs to be produced and each and every idea brought forward was welcomed and discussed in further depth hence, making each group member feel as part of the business which alternatively led to intense commitment. * Feedback – people need to know whether they are performing their jobs satisfactorily, they need praise for doing things well and they need help and advice if they are not performing up to standard, this is achieved through feedback during business meetings. This is used to the advantage of the business venture, in that, people who are not pulling their weight (contributing) were told directly by group members to do so, thus, giving rise to people actually performing much better in some cases and no apparent change in other cases. On the whole, the level of motivational skills applied to the business venture proves to be effective for the individuals within the group as well as in the general group development.

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